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TriLink recently introduced  plasmid manufacturing services  as advantageous entry points for the  in vitro  transcription (IVT) template production of your mRNA, and this prompted the  Zone  to provide a series of blogs exploring plasmid biology and manufacturing. This initial (Part 1) blog offers some introductory comments on the discovery of plasmids that paved the way for recombinant DNA and early IVT mRNA technologies. Part 2, which will be posted in July of 2021, transitions to d...

This blog provides some perspective on published strategies for this type of sequence optimization, which is alternatively referred to sequence engineering. This topic has been trending upwards in recent years, as indicated by the linear forecast dashed line shown in this chart reports found by word searching the NIH PubMed database for 2013 – 2020.

Posted in the  Zone  on  May 25, 2021 , part 1 of this series on optimizing the performance of  in vitro  translated (IVT) mRNA using N1-methylpseudouridine (N1mΨ) provided a historical introduction to the development of this chemically modified base. Part 1 focused on a 2015 study and an initial 2018  in vivo  optimization study of N1mΨ-mRNA. This Part 2 blog features a subsequent 2019 publication on  in vitro   optimization of N1mΨ-mRNA for future heart gene therapy. Befor...

The discovery of the clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats (CRISPR)-Cas system has revolutionized the field of molecular biology and medicine (reviewed by Kantor et al. ) . CRISPR-mediated genome editing initially involved the generation of a Cas9-induced double-strand DNA  repaired by either non-homologous end joining (NHEJ) mechanisms, or by homology-directed repair (HDR). The discovery of the clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats (CRISP...

Historically,  reporter genes  have been delivered as DNA plasmids for transcription into mRNA before translation into a reporter protein. In biological systems, ideal reporter proteins generate highly sensitive signals that are easily measurable. Thus, they are often  photoluminescent  (e.g., GFP) or  chemiluminescent  (e.g., luciferase).

The current universe of vaccines can be divided into two main categories,  conventional vaccines  and  nucleic acid vaccines   ( Blakney et al. ). Conventional vaccines are based on a protein adjuvant, and nucleic acid vaccines can be based on DNA or RNA. For this blog, we will focus on nucleic acid vaccines based on RNA structures and, in particular, self-amplifying RNA vaccines ( Figure 1 ).